Thyroid disorders
Thyroid disorders — an overactive (hyperthyroid) or underactive (hypothyroid) thyroid gland — can affect weight, energy, and metabolism, and are diagnosed with a simple blood test.
Symptoms
- Underactive thyroid: fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, dry skin, constipation
- Overactive thyroid: weight loss, rapid heartbeat, heat intolerance, anxiety, tremor
- Changes in menstrual cycles
- A visible or palpable swelling in the neck (goiter), in some cases
Causes & risk factors
- Autoimmune thyroid conditions (the most common cause of both over- and underactive thyroid)
- A family history of thyroid disease
- Being female (thyroid disorders are more common in women)
- Certain medications and prior thyroid or neck radiation
How it’s diagnosed
Diagnosis is based on blood tests (TSH and thyroid hormone levels), sometimes alongside antibody testing or imaging depending on the findings.
How it’s treated
Underactive thyroid is typically treated with thyroid hormone replacement; overactive thyroid has several treatment paths depending on the cause. Treatment is individualized and monitored with regular blood testing.
When to seek care
- A rapid or irregular heartbeat alongside other thyroid symptoms
- Significant unexplained weight change
- A new lump or swelling in the neck
FAQ
Is thyroid testing part of routine diabetes care?
Thyroid conditions are more common in people with diabetes, particularly type 1, so your care team may check thyroid function periodically as part of overall metabolic assessment.
Sources
- American Diabetes Association, Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026
Medical disclaimer: Content on this page is for general education and is not a substitute for individualized medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Outcomes vary between patients. Boston Diabetes Center is outpatient / day-care specialty centre with an on-site diagnostic lab and pharmacy — no inpatient beds; imaging and inpatient care are coordinated through partner facilities.